Guides

How this music is actually built

Ten pieces on Arabic rhythm, scale, instruments and production, and one personal one. The theory is read off the standard references rather than remembered, and where a claim is mine rather than a source's, it says so. Written by an Egyptian producer working in London.

01

Doum, tak, and the rests between them

Maqsum, baladi and saidi written out stroke by stroke. All three share an identical second half — the difference between them is two beats, and the rests turn out to be doing more work than the hits.

Rhythm · darbuka
02

Maqam Hijaz, taken apart

The jins it is built from, the augmented second that carries the whole character, and the two genuinely different scales hiding in its upper half — one that plays on a keyboard and one that does not.

Theory · maqam
03

Why your piano roll cannot play Rast

Most Arabic scales contain a note with no key on a keyboard. What the three-quarter tone is, why the 1932 Congress of Arab Music could not agree on how to measure it, and the four things a producer can honestly do about it.

Theory · tuning
04

Putting an Arabic loop in a trap beat

Tempo that solves itself by doubling, the seventh degree that makes a loop sound out of tune when it is not, the doum fighting the 808, and the arrangement habit behind most of it.

Production
05

Maqam Bayati, from the notation up

One of the most common maqamat in Arabic music. Two three-quarter tones that no piano key can play, two different upper halves, and the one-note change that turns it into Bayati Shuri.

Theory · maqam
06

Riqq, tabla, daff: the Arabic percussion section

Seven instruments, not just the darbuka: what each is made of, where it is played, who runs the rhythm — and where each one sits in a beat.

Instruments · production
07

Arabic rhythms in 2/4: Ayyub, Fallahi, Fox, Karachi, Wahda Saghira

The short rhythms that run, written out stroke by stroke. Three of the five hit the same three points in the bar and differ only in which stroke lands where — and they hand over to each other mid-song.

Rhythm · production
08

Ayyub and Fallahi in trap

Two fast Egyptian rhythms under a half-time beat: why a 2/4 cycle fits a trap bar, and the Ayyub MIDI from Egyptian Drumkit taken apart bar by bar — the fixed pulse, the ghost teks, and what changes when the kick and hats come in.

Rhythm · trap
09

World Mental Health Day: my own story

Breakdowns, fighting alone, and slowly living again. Why I believe a person is his own doctor, why young men need to talk, and where to call if you need someone right now.

Personal · mental health
10

Maqam Bayati in five songs, phrase by phrase

Nura Nura, Ba'id 'Annak, Ah Ya Hilu, Sama'i al-'Aryan and Mihtaar Ya Naas, read one phrase at a time: the loop between D and G at the heart of bayati, and the turns it takes away from home.

Theory · song analysis
11

Husayni and Muhayyar: bayati, named after two of its notes

The same scale as bayati, played two other ways: one leans on the 5th before it settles, one starts from the octave and comes down. Where you hear them, and what the sources do not say.

Theory · maqam